Synopsis : Andalusia (al-Andalus), began in 711 CE when Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and defeated the Visigothic kingdom, paving the way for the rise of an Islamic civilization in the Iberian Peninsula. The region later flourished under the Umayyads who escaped from the East, especially after Abd al-Rahman I established the Emirate of Córdoba in 756 CE. Its golden age emerged during the Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031 CE), led by figures such as Abd al-Rahman III and Al-Hakam I